Concept of Basic Electric Circuit - Engineer Affan Nomani

The scanrious/secrets present in the Network theory:-

Scanrious 1:-  In the presence of active sources
 In the presence of source all the 3-passive lumped R, L, C will always absorb the energy
When ever they ( R, L, C ) are absorbing the energy, the current through them will always flows from positive to negative terminals ( i,e high level to low level ).

Scanrious 2 :-  In the absence of active sources 
* In the absence of sources, stored energy in the memory elements ( L & C ) will be delivered to the memoryless resistances . 
Whenever L and C elements are delivering the energy, currents through them will always from positive to negative terminals ( i,e from low level to high level ).As the Resistor is always absorbing the energy, the current through it will always from positive to negative terminal.

Active Element:- The Element which can boost any electrical energy.
 Another definition :- In an electrical network, if a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a single passing through it , then it is termed as an active element

Examples - voltage and current sources, semiconductor devices like transistor and OP-Amp etc.

Passive Element:- The Element which dissipate energy from the circuit.
Examples - Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor etc.

Basic difference between the Network and  Circuit .

Circuit :- The circuit is a closed loop path in which electric current and voltage sources flows through it.

Electric circuit

Network:- The Network is the interconnection of the circuit.

Electric Current:- The flow of charges in the circuit is called Electric current.
* Electric current is denoted by I and S.I unit is Ampere.
* It is expressed as  I = q/t.

Voltage:- The potential difference between two point charges is nothing but Voltage.
* The Voltage is denoted by V and S.I unit is 'V'.
 Resistor:-    Resistor are common elements of electrical network and electronic circuit and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment which reduce current flow  , and , at the same time time , act to lower voltage levels within circuits.

 Series Resistor:- In the series connection of the resistor , there is only one path for the flow of current in the circuit . 
* In series connection of the resistor , current will be same of the every resistor but voltage will be different of the every resistor .
* In series connection of the resistor volt meter is used .

Parallel resistor :-  In the parallel connection of the resistor , there are many  path for the flow of current in the circuit . 
* In parallel connection of a resistor , the voltage will be same in every resistor while current will be  different in every resistor .
* Series and parallel connection of the resistor as shown in figure :-

Figure :-  Series and Parallel connection of the resistors  

Ohm's Law
The Ohm's law is the mathematical relationship among electric current , voltage and resistor.
* The principle is named after German Scientist Georg Simon Ohm.
* the ohm's law is defined as the electric current is directly proportional to the voltage.
i,e  V directly proportional to I.
    V = IR
    I= V/R 
    R= V/R

LAB ACTIVITY OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

* Testing conductivity of liquids

. Electrical conductivity of liquids can be tested by a simple activity of taking a liquid, like lemon juice, in a container, inserting electrodes in it, connecting the two electrodes to the terminals of a battery with a bulb (LED) between them. The bulb glows, indicating that lemon juice is a conductor of electricity. Several liquids can be checked for electrical conductivity in the same way.

The process of decomposition of a chemical compound in a solution when an electric current passes through it is called electrolysis. This process is due to the chemical effect of electric current .


* Testing conductivity of metal

Figure : Testing conductivity of metal

Metaltest provides electrical conductivity testing for determining the electrical conductivity of nonmagnetic metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method. This test is applicable to metals that have either a flat or slightly curved surface and includes metals with or without a thin nonconductive coating. Electrical conductivity testing can be used to determine: type of metal or alloy, type of heat treatment (for aluminum this evaluation should be used in conjunction with a hardness examination), aging of the alloy, and heat damage.

By : Engineer Affan Nomani

( The writer is a research Analyst at JNTU Hyderabad & Columnist . He has been publishing in many leading newspaper such The Hans India and DC  for the last few years . we always believe that there is no need to be defensive in front of communal forces. He may be reached at affannomani02@gmail.com )

प्राचीन युग में सबसे ज्यादा मशहूर वैज्ञानिक मुस्लिम दुनिया से

7 जनवरी 2016 को नाभिकीय भौतिक विज्ञानी , मशहूर दूरदर्शन शख्सियत व लेखक परवेज अमिराली हुडभोय हैदराबाद साहित्य समारोह में शिरकत करने आये थे . परवेज अमीराली भारतीय व विश्व विज्ञान पर ख़िताब करते हुवे कहा कि " मुसलमानों को तरक्की व याफ्ता के लिए विज्ञान से अवश्य जुड़ना चाहिए . आज भारत , पाकिस्तान , बांग्लादेश , इंडोनेशिया व विभिन्न देशों के मुसलमानों की बदहाली की वजह यह है कि वह साइंसी उलूम के साथ मजबूती से नही जुड़ रहे हैं । अपने ख़िताब में मुसलमानों की बदहाली व तररकी अक़ीदे व इतिहास पर भी रौशनी डाला ." मैंने साइंस और टेक्नोलॉजी से सम्बंधित बहुत से किताबों का अध्यन किया और पाया की साइंस वह इल्म है जो धर्म व कौमियत , रंग व नस्ल और इलाके के नज़रये से ऊपर है ।

चार से पांच सौ साल पहले साइंसी उलूम की तरक़्क़ी के छेत्र - इल्मे रियाजी ( गणित - Mathematics ), इल्मे नबातात ( Botony ) , इल्मे तबिआत ( भौतिकी - Physics ), इल्मे कीमिया ( रासायनिक शास्त्र - Chemistry ) व मेडिकल साइंस में मुस्लिम वैज्ञानिक का दबदबा था जो आज धीरे धीरे काम होते गया । इल्मे रियाजी ( गणित ) अरब वालों का पसंदीदा विषय रहा है । मुहम्मद बिन मूसा ख्वारिज़्मी , जिसे यूरोप में अल्गोरिज़्म के नाम से जाना जाता है . आप ने रियाजी ( हिसाब ) , फल्कीयात ( आसमानी चीजो से संबंधित चीज ) , जुगराफिया ( भूगोल- Geography ) और इतिहास में असाधारण कारनामे सर - अंजाम दिये । ख्वारिज़्मी दुनिया के पहले इल्मे रियाज ( गणित ) के जानकार थे जिन्होंने शून्य का इज़ाद ( आविष्कार ) किया । ' अल- जबर वल -मुकाबला ' ख्वारिज़्मी की मशहूर इल्मे रियाज़ी किताब में से एक थी जिसे बारहवीं सदी में तर्जुमा किया गया और सोलहवीं सदी तक यूरोप यूनिवर्सिटी कोर्से में शामिल कर लिया गया । जाबिर बिन हैयान , जिसे यूरोप में गेबर के नाम से जाना जाता है , इसके अलावा आप इमाम जाफ़रे सादिक रहमतुल्लाहि अलैहि के शागिर्द भी थे । कीमिया ( रासायनिक शास्त्र - Chemistry ) में आपकी खिदमत बहुत कबीले क़द्र है । इल्मे कीमिया के मुताल्लिक आपने 22 किताबें लिखीं जो आज भी अरबी ज़बान में मौजूद है और बाद में अंग्रेजी और लातिनी में तर्जुमे हुवे । जाबिर बिन हैयान दुनिया के उन गिने चुने वैज्ञानिकों में आते है जिसने अयस्क से धातु की शुद्धिकरण ( Purification of metals from ores ) जंग से संरक्षण ( Protection of Iron from Corrosion ) के बारे में अहम जानकारी की खोज़ की । अबु अली मुहम्मद हसन इब्ने हैसम , जिसे यूरोप में अल -हैजन के नाम से जाना जाता है . अल -हैजन पहले वैज्ञानिक थे जिन्होंने यूनानियों के नज़रिए को गलत साबित करते हुवे बताया की रौशनी की किरणें आँखों से चीजों की तरफ नहीं जाती बल्कि चीजों से आँखों की तरफ आती है ।

अल -हैजन दुनिया के पहले भौतिक वैज्ञानिक थे जिन्होंने खुर्दबीन ( माइक्रोस्कोप ) की इज़ाद का रास्ता हमवार किया और साथ ही प्रकाश के प्रवर्तन ( Reflection of Light ) व प्रकाश के अपवर्तन ( Refrection of  Light ) के बारे में अहम सिद्धांत पेश किये ।

अबु अली हुसैन इब्ने अब्दुल्लाह सीना , जिसे यूरोप में कहा जाता ऐवी सीना है । आप थर्मामीटर के मुजीद ( आविष्कारक ) है । आप ने इल्मे रियाजी , फलसफा , मेडिकल साइंस , सियासत और कानून से मुताल्लिक़ किताबें लिखीं ।

इस तरह इस्लाम के सुनहरे युग में कई वैज्ञानिक - अबु मूसा अली इब्ने तबरी , अबु अब्बास अहमद फरगानी , अबु बक्र मुहम्मद इब्ने यहया इब्ने बाजा , अबु बक्र मुहम्मद अब्दुल -मालिक इब्ने तुफैल , अबु वलीद मुहम्मद इब्ने अब्बास मजुसी और हुनैन इब्ने इसहाक जैसे महान वैज्ञानिक थे जिसने दुनिया को ही बदल कर रख दिया ।

यह दुर्भाग्य है कि दुनिया में मुस्लिम वैज्ञानिको का अनुपात धीरे धीरे घटता जा रहा है । मुस्लिम वैज्ञानिकों के अनुपात घटने की सबसे अहम वज़ह यह रही है कि कट्टरपंथीयो ने बहुत से वैज्ञानिको पर कुफ्र का फतवा लगा दिया जिससे बहुतो का हौसला गिरता गया और आज भी मुसलमान विज्ञान के साथ दिलचस्पी से नहीं जुड़ रहे है ....कुछ कट्टरपंथी विचारधारा के लोग विज्ञान को मुस्लिम दुनिया के लिए सीधे तौर पर नकार देते है जिसका आधार अन्धविश्वास पर टिका हुवा है । लेकिन हकीकत ये है कि जब हम कुरआन को अच्छी तरह समझ कर पढ़ते है तो पाते है की कुरआन में बहुत सी आयत है जहाँ कुदरती घटनाओं के बारे में विस्तार से वर्णन है जैसे की - कायनात की पैदाइश ( The Big Bang ) , कहकशाओ की पैदाइश से पहले धुवाँ ( Initial Gaseous Mass Before Creation of Glaxies ) , ज़मीन अंडे की शक्ल की है ( Shape of the Earth in Spherical ) , चाँद की रौशनी प्रवर्तित है ( Moonlight is Reflected Light ) , सूरज ख़त्म हो जायेगा ( The Sun Will Extinguish ) , सितारों के दरम्यान माद्दा ( Insterstellar Matter ) , फैलती हुवी कायनात ( The Expending Universe ) , एटम तक्सीम किये जा सकते है ( Atoms can be divided ) , पानी का चक्र ( Water Cycle ) , भाप ( बादल ) बनने की क्रिया ( Winda Impregnate Clouds ) , ज़मीन और उससे मुत्ताल्लिक चीजें ( Geology ) व जनिनि मराहिल ( Embryological Stages ) आदि । यदि मुस्लिम दुनिया इस्लाम के सुनहरे युग में मुस्लिम वैज्ञानिकों के योगदान को याद करेंगे ....तो वे दोबारा उभर सकते है । मेरी खासकर भारतीय मुसलमानों से उम्मीद है कि - मिसाइल मेन डॉ ए . पी . जे . अब्दुल कलाम , पक्षीविज्ञानी का अंतर्राष्ट्र्रीय चेहरा - सलीम अली , आइएस ऑफिसर व कार्डिनल ज्यामिति के संस्थापक - डॉ एम अहमद , जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया नई देल्ही के पूर्व वाइस चांसलर डॉ सैय्यद जहूर कासिम , डेक्कन मेडिकल कॉलेज हैदराबाद के डीन डॉ सी . एम . हबीबुल्लाह व वैज्ञानिक व शायर गौहर रज़ा जैसे और वैज्ञानिक पैदा करे ताकि विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में मुसलमानों का दबदबा दोबारा कायम हो सकें ।

( लेख़क इंजीनियर अफ्फान नोमानी , रेसर्चेर व स्तंभकार है )

( The writer Engineer Affan Nomani  is a Research Analyst and Columnist . He has been publishing in many leading newspaper and   Magazine  such as The Hans India , DC ,  Voice of Politics and Vision Muslim Today Magazine  for the last few years. we always believe that there is no need to be defensive in front of communal forces . He may be reached at   affannomani02@gmail.com )

SCIENTIFIC FACT IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY : Engineer Affan Nomani

In Ancient period, many scientist was from the Muslim world .

Engineer Affan Nomani

On January 7, 2016 , pervej Amirali Hoodbhoy, a nuclear physicist,
writer and Television personality, who was in Hyderabad to attend the
Hyderabad literary festival, said : " Muslim must connect with science
for progress. Hoodbhoy believes that one of the major factors behind
the backwardness of the Muslim community in India , Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Indonesia and other countries is the reality that the
followers of the faith have not come to terms with science. In his
lecture, " The Rise and fall of Muslim in the field of science, he
presented the historical background to the disconnect between
scientific research and faith - based ideas. "
I studied many books in the field of science and technology and I
observed that Science is the knowledge that is above from the
religion, cast, colour and cread.
In Ancient period, many prominent scientist was from the Muslim world
but not now.
There is an admission in the title that the Muslims who contributed
greatly in the development of science in a variety of fields -
Mathematics, Medicine, Astronomy, physics and chemistry - for about
400 to 500 years have slowly moved away from the area of Study.
Mathematics has been favourite subject of Arab Scientist.
Muhammed bin Moosa Khwarizmi( 780-850 BC ) , well known as Algorizm in
Europe. He played key role in the field of Mathematics, Space,
Geography and history.

Khwarizmi was the first mathematician in the world who discovered the ' Zero '.
" Algebra-wal-Mukabla " was the one of the most famous mathematics
book of the Khwarizmi which was published in 12th century and was
included in the syllabus of Europe University in 16th Century.
Jabir bin Hayyan ( 721-806 BC ) , known as Geber in Europe. Jabir bin
Hayyan was also a student of Hazrat Imam Jafre Sadique ( Rht ) .
J B Hayyan played key role in the field of chemistry. He written more
than 22 books related to Chemistry that is in  Arabic language today
and later translated into  English and Latin.
Hayyan was one of the world's most famous scientist , responsible for
the discovery of Tejab , purification of metal from Ores and
Protection of Iron from Corrosion.



Abu Ali Muhammed Hasan Ibne Haisam ( 965-1039 BC ) , well known as
Al-Hazen in Europe , was the first Scientist who proved Theology of
European Wrong and given wonderful theory that the Light rays comes
from object to the Eye not from Eye to the object.
Al-Hazen was the one of the world's most influential physicist ,
responsible for the development of world's first Microscope.


Abu Ali Husain Ibne Abdullah Cinna ( 980 - 1037 BC ),  well known as
Avecinna in Europe. Avecinna is so popular in the world as a
discoverer of Thermameter . Avecinna has written many books on
Medical science, Mathematics, law and politics as well as.
Abu Moosa Ali Ibne Tabri ,  Abu Abbas Ahmed Fargaani ,  Abu Bakra
Muhammed Bin Jakriya Arraji ,  Abu Bakra Muhammed Ibne Yahaya Ibne Baza
, Abu Bakra Muhammed Abdul Malik Ibne Tufail ,  Abu walid Muhammed Ibne
Ahmed Ibne Rushd , Ali Ibne Abbas Majusi and Husain Ibne Ishak were
the prominent scientist of the world in golden period of Islam who
changed the world.
It is Unfortunate that the ratio of  Muslim scientists in the world
have been fallen down day by day.
The main reason behind the decreasing ratio of Muslim scientist is
that - During the period of Avecinna ,fanatic Ulema of Arab delivered
Fatwa against Some scientists which was the dark time for the
Scientist.
And Another reason is that  Most of the Muslims are not taking good
interest in Science today.
Some fundamentalist directly reject science for the Muslim whose
thoughts is totally based on superstition.
But the reality is that many verse of the Quran are they where the
natural phenomena are described such as - The Big Bang , Initial
Gaseous Mass Before Creation of Glaxies , Shape of the Earth in
Spherical , Moonlight is Reflected light, The Sun will Extinguished,
Insterstellar Matter, The Expanding Universe, Atoms can be divided,
Water Cycle, Evaporation, Winda Impregnate Clouds, Geology, Botany and
Embryological Stages etc.
If Muslim World will remember the contribution of Muslim scientists in
golden period of Islam ....They can emerge again.
Indian Muslim should produce more scientist like ..Dr A.P.J.Abdul
kalam , India's Missile Man ,Salim Ali - Internationally recognized
ornithologist, Mr.M.Ahmed , IAS Officer and founder of ' Cardinal
Geometry ' , Dr. Syed Zahoor Qasim- Antartica Hero, Ex vice Chancellor
of Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, Dr. C.M.Habibullah , Eminent
Gastroenterologist and Dean of Deccan Medical college Hyderabad, Dr.
S.N.A.Rizwi , Head of Nephrology and Endocrinology Division, Moulana
Azad Medical College and associated Hospital in new Delhi, Professor
Gauhar Raza, chief Scientist and Head of Department science
communication through multi-media council of scientific and Industrial
Research, New Delhi.
And the Indian Muslim have to accept this challenge that Muslim can't
be progress by ignoring the science.

Engineer Affan Nomani
( The writer is a Research Analyst and Columnist . He has been publishing in many leading newspaper and   Magazine  such as The Hans India , DC ,  Voice of Politics and Vision Muslim Today Magazine  for the last few years. we always believe that there is no need to be defensive in front of communal forces . He may be reached at   affannomani02@gmail.com )